Elements of Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays

Many Elements of A Street Car Named Desire A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams, is a very worldly play that contains issues from tone a guilty feeling of abandonment, the anger and frustration between two complete opposites, and the violation of a rape. It happens in New Orleans where there atomic number 18 many different races. Blanche DuBois, loses her ancestral home, Belle Reve, and her teaching position as a result of promiscuity. With expectations for the new life, she moves in with her pregnant sister Stella and her brutish husband, Stanley Kowalski. Throughout the play, we groundwork distinguish many differences between Blanche and Stella. Although they come from the same noble and aristocratic family, their philosophies of life are distinct and lead them to different roads. Blanche is a highly vulnerable, as well as neurotic, woman living in a world of boozy self deception. She is intelligent, even prefers magic over realism. She puts too much strain on her manners and appearance. She demands to be seen for what she wished to be, rather than what she really is.This is the reason for the paper lanterns and constant bathing - she is creating her world of illusion. A complite opposite of Blanch is Stella.Unlike her sister, she is a supine and gentle woman. She is five years younger than Blanche, about 25, and has been submissive to her for her entire life. After marrying Stanley, she is coerce to join the lower class, endure her husbands bad temper, and be gentle to him. Blanche is not a compromising person who can adapt to changes. Moreover, I think she is afraid of alterations and denies facing the reality (ex. she is afraid of losing her properties, her youth and beauty, etc.). She feels very incertain about the new world and tries to persist in her own way of behavior and thinking, since that is how she has been educated to be a lady. Stella is the connecting figure to two different worlds- the suppositional royalty world of Blan che DuBois and the more common world of Stanley Kowalski. Blanche and Stanley both attempt to influence her, and they succeed to a degree. Stella still has many of the qualities instilled in her at Belle Reve, yet she does not let that get in the way of her having some fun. As she is so entangled between two completely opposite worlds, she is stuck and eventually forced to side with one of the two.

Cognitive Psychology Essay -- Papers Neurology Essays

Cognitive Psychology Psychology is defined as the study of mind, emotion and behaviour. One major perspective within psychology is known as cognitive psychology, which is primarily concerned with the explanation of thought processes through the development of hypothetic mental systems. Cognitivism is somewhat broad in its approaches to psychology and only linked in its goal to create hypothetical mental structures to apologize behaviour (History & Scope Of Psychology). The exact origins of cognitivism are difficult to pinpoint. Ideas that make up the perspective have been traced back to ancient Greece yet it is in modern times that it has developed to its prominent status of today. This period of time is referred to as the cognitive revolution of the 1960s, lead by the work of those such(prenominal) as Piaget and Chomsky. Prior to this revolution, behaviourism (the stu dy of cause and effect environmental factors and their effect upon behaviour) was considered to be the dominant school of thought in psychology however cognitivism soon emerged as the new dominant perspective. (The History & Scope of Psychology). It was in the 1967 publication of Cognitive Psychology by Neisser that a name was coined for the hike field of psychological science, and an outline of major seek-to-date and significant concepts was offered. (Maclin & Solso, 2000) The goals of cognitivism are to attempt to understand the way in which the many processes of our minds work, through use of the scientific research method. It emphasises the importance of the mind in... ...d adverse behaviour. Appleton Century Crofts New York. Maclin, Otto H & Solso, Robert L. (2000) Cognitive Psychology History Of The Field in encyclopaedia Of Psychology, Vol 2. American mental Association New York. Neisser, U (1967) Cognitive Psychology. Appleton-Century-Cro fts New York. Piaget, J (1962) Play, Dreams & Imitation In Childhood. WW Norton New York. Piaget, J (1970), Piagets theory. In P. Mussen (ed) Handbook of child psychology, Vol.1. Wiley New York. Ross, Suzanne L & Sharpe, Pete R. (1987) Living Psychology. Scribe Publications Victoria Shannon, CE (1948) Mathematical Theory Of Communication in Bell System Tech. J. 27, 379-423, 623-656 Smith, E.E (2001) Cognitive Psychology History in Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol 3. Elsevier Oxford

Management Essay -- Business Management Leadership

Being a manager takes a great deal of hard work, dedication, and persistence. In order to deliver the goods the goal of becoming a chief executive officer, necessary skills of a manager must be developed and then achieve the skills and confidence to succeed. Since managers are leaders, lead skills and cross-functional leadership skills must be developed. Lehman Brothers, a global investment bank, emphasizes the importance of leadership potential and initiative, as well as problem solving and technical skills. The focus training plan will provide a plan of action to strategize and grasp all the necessary skills in a short time to satiate the goal of becoming the CEO.First and foremost, managers must identify weaknesses, polish up strengths, and learn new ideas and concepts that will improve their leadership qualities. Developing leadership qualities includes perfecting a key set of management skills conceptual skills, interpersonal skills, technical skills, and political skills. It is important to use interpersonal skills to work with management team members in the program and to listen to ideas and opinions. Without strong interpersonal skills, then it is not possible to be a successful manager. The manager would develop conceptual skills a CEO would pass over to have the vision and determination through the logical thinking process. Also, learning how other people think and accepting the differences that exist would assist in managing them. This would pull credibility to the manager as a person who is not afraid to think out of the box and to tread paths that are not always the norm. An lovable environment must be created where people are not afraid to communicate, manage resources and apply ideas and theories to lead ... ...e to the sub-managers whether or not he or she has the technical know-how. The CEO is able to make key decisions for the company that benefits the firm in a macro level and ensures that the decisions are made in the shareholders best interests. The CEO understands Skilos Inc. in a big picture sense, assesses issues, creates good solutions and evaluates results, turn keeping a positive morale. The goal would be to work for the betterment of the company while maintaining the mission and vision of the shareholders and company. http//us.rediff.com/money/2005/apr/28spec.htm P. Buhler, Managing in the New Millennium Interpersonal Skills (article), July 2005 R. Teerlink and L. Ozley, More than a Motorcycle, p. 268 J. Vardallas, How to Keep your Strategic Planning Focused (article), February 2005 L. Stark, Successful Meetings (article), July 2005

A Night to Remember in Mexico Essay -- Mexico Personal Narratives Viol

A Night to Remember in MexicoWhen the event was over, it all seemed like a blur. I didnt endure what had just happened but I knew that I didnt like it. The night was filled with frenzy in the air and liveliness in the streets. The Security guards, and for that guinea pig the people that we had come with, departed. My friend and I, although surrounded by masses of people, stood alone on a street corner. There I was, standing in a place that was foreign to me, in which I had only two companions. The night air slapped me in the face, and I awoke to reality. I was surrounded by drunken Americans express joy and enjoying themselves on the streets. This is a night that would be burned into my memory forever an event that would change who I am and how I looked at life, but for right off it was time to figure out how to get out of Mexico. Earlier that week I had hopped in my car and headed for my friends house in Tucson. He had told me to meet him the night before we were supposed to leave so that we could pack and then get issue early the next daylight. When I arrived at his house, still early in the day, I greeted my friend and then proceeded to throw my bags into the back of his truck. We gathered all of our things and made sure that we had all of our items. We settled in for the night at his house, insane about what was to come. Maybe these expectations would be falsified later on sure but for now all that was in our minds was the salty sea air, and the electrified dance clubs.The next day my friend Danny and I got up early to meet the people that we would be staying with, in the house we had rented in Mexico. When Danny and I arrived at the house where these people lived, I exited the truck and looked around. From first glance there s... ...he face numerous times. This problem between the group left us all defenseless in an part where none of us could let down our guards for fear of what might happen resulting from our presence in a foreign land. The three of us were able to govern a cab to take us back to the house we had been staying at. Danny told me that we needed to leave that night before Mike and Matt got back. He then act to inform me that the two had carried guns across the border and would have no qualms with coming into the house and using them on myself and the other involved in the conflict objet dart we were asleep. We went back to the house, packed our things and headed for the border. As a result of this experience I have started to look more carefully at my first perceptions of people and going with what I believe. I was lucky to escape from this situation, not in jail and not dead.

Essay --

In 1199 Richard died, and John claimed the throne of England. He was accepted by Normandy, and his mother secured Aquitaine, but his claim to the rest was in trouble. He had to fight and negotiate and he was challenged by his nephew Arthur. In concluding peace, Arthur kept Brittany (held from John), while John held his lands from the King of France, who was recognised as Johns skipper on the continent, in a manner greater than was ever forced out of Johns father. This would have a crucial impact after in the reign. However, historians who have cast a careful eye over Johns early reign have identified a crisis had already begun many nobles distrusted John because of his previous actions, and doubted whether he would treat them correctly. The marriage to Isabella of Gloucester was dissolved because of alleged consanguinity, and John looked for a new bride. He found one in the form of another Isabella, heiress to Angoulme, and he married her as he tried to involve himself in the machin ations of the Angoulme and Lusignan family. Unfortunately Isabella had been engaged to Hugh IX de Lusignan and the result was a rebellion by Hugh and the involvement of french King Philip II. Had Hugh married Isabella, he would have commanded a force outful region and threatened Johns power in Aquitaine, so the break benefitted John. But, while marrying Isabella was a provocation to Hugh, John continued to snub and anger the man, pushing his rebellion. In his position as French King, Philip ordered John to his court as he could any other noble who held lands from him, but John refused. Philip then revoked Johns lands and a war began, but this was more a move to strengthen the French crown than any vote of faith in Hugh. John began by capturing a ma... ...ution. These duologue took place at Runnymede, and on June 15 1215 agreement was made on the Articles of the Barons. Later known as Magna Carta, this became one of the pivotal documents in English, and to some extents western, history. In the short term, Magna Carta lasted just three months before the war between John and the rebels continued. Innocent III supported John, who struck back hard at the abilitys lands, but he rejected a chance to attack London and instead wasted the north. This allowed time for the rebels to appeal to Prince Louis of France, for him to gather an army, and for a winning landing to take place. As John retreated north again rather than fight Louis he fell ill and died. This proved a lenience for England as the regency of Johns son Henry were able to reissue Magna Carta, thus splitting the rebels into two camps, and Louis was soon ejected.

Essay --

In 1199 Richard died, and John claimed the throne of England. He was accepted by Normandy, and his mother secured Aquitaine, yet his claim to the rest was in trouble. He had to competitiveness and negotiate and he was challenged by his nephew Arthur. In concluding peace, Arthur kept Brittany (held from John), while John held his lands from the King of France, who was recognised as Johns overlord on the continent, in a manner greater than was ever forced out of Johns father. This would have a crucial impact later in the reign. However, historians who have cast a careful eye over Johns early reign have identified a crisis had already begun many an(prenominal) nobles distrusted John because of his previous actions, and doubted whether he would treat them correctly. The marriage to Isabella of Gloucester was dissolved because of alleged consanguinity, and John looked for a new bride. He found one in the dramatis personae of another Isabella, heiress to Angoulme, and he married her as he tried to involve himself in the machinations of the Angoulme and Lusignan family. Unfortunately Isabella had been engaged to Hugh IX de Lusignan and the result was a anarchy by Hugh and the involvement of French King Philip II. Had Hugh married Isabella, he would have commanded a powerful region and threatened Johns power in Aquitaine, so the break benefitted John. But, while marrying Isabella was a provocation to Hugh, John continued to snub and anger the man, pushing his rebellion. In his position as French King, Philip request John to his court as he could any other noble who held lands from him, but John refused. Philip then revoked Johns lands and a war began, but this was more a move to strengthen the French crown than any vote of faith in Hugh. John began by capturing a ma... ...ution. These talks took bulge out at Runnymede, and on June 15 1215 agreement was made on the Articles of the Barons. Later known as Magna Carta, this became one of the pivotal documents in En glish, and to some extents western, history. In the terse term, Magna Carta lasted just three months before the war between John and the rebels continued. Innocent III supported John, who struck back hard at the barons lands, but he rejected a chance to attack London and instead wasted the north. This allowed time for the rebels to appeal to Prince Louis of France, for him to gather an army, and for a successful land to take place. As John retreated north again rather than fight Louis he fell ill and died. This proved a blessing for England as the regency of Johns son Henry were able to reissue Magna Carta, thus splitting the rebels into two camps, and Louis was soon ejected.

Henry Morton Stanley

Nathan C. Thompson EUH1001 Feb 28, 2012 Dr. W. Moody heat content Morton Stanley Born John Rowlands in Wales, or as those of his time k newborn him as Henry Morton Stanley was the illegitimate son of John Rowlands and Elizabeth Parry. He grew up partly in the charge of reluctant relatives, partly in St. Asaph Workhouse. After his interlude of dependence on relatives, he sailed from Liverpool as a cabin boy, landing at New Orleans in 1859. There Rowlands was befriended by a merchant, Henry Hope Stanley, whose maiden and last names the boy adopted in an apparent effort to make a fresh start in life with a new identity Morton was added later.For some geezerhood Stanley led a roving life a soldier in the American obliging War, a seaman on merchant ships and in the U. S. Navy, a journalist in the early days of frontier expansion. In 1867 Stanley offered his services to James Gordon Bennett of the New York Herald as a special correspondent with the British expeditionary force sent agai nst Tewodros II of Ethiopia, and Stanley was the first to reembrasure the fall of Magdala in 1868.An assignment to report the Spanish Civil War followed, and in 1869 he received instructions to undertake a roving commission in the Middle East, which was to include the relief of Dr. David Livingstone, of whom little had been comprehend since his departure for Africa in 1866 to search for the source of the Nile. On Jan. 6, 1871, Stanley reached Zanzibar, the starting point for expeditions to the interior, and, intent on a scoop, left on March 21 without disclosing his intentions.His secretive conduct caused much offense to the authorities, especially to Sir John Kirk, the British consul, who had been having difficulty in making contact with Livingstone. Leading a well-equipped caravan and backed by American money, Stanley forced his way through country disturbed by fighting and stricken by sickness to Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika, Livingstones last known port of call. There he found the old hero, ill and short of supplies, and greeted him with the famous words Dr. Livingstone, I presume? A cordial friendship sprang up in the midst of the two men, and when Stanley returned to the coast he dispatched fresh supplies to enable Livingstone to carry on. The older mans quest ended a year later with his death in the swamps of Lake Bangweulu comfort vainly seeking the Nile in a region that in particular gives rise to the Congo (Zaire) River. When Livingstone died in 1873, Stanley resolved to take up the exploration of Africa where he had left off. The problem of the Nile sources and the nature of the central African lakes had been only partly solved by earlier explorers.Stanley secured financial backing from the New York Herald and the day-by-day Telegraph of London for an expedition to pursue the quest, and the caravan left Zanzibar on Nov. 12, 1874, heading for Lake Victoria. His visit to King Mutesa I of Buganda led to the admission of Christian missionaries to the state in 1877 and to the eventual establishment of a British protectorate in Uganda. Circumnavigating Lake Victoria, Stanley confirmed the explorer John H. Spekes estimate of its size and importance.Skirmishes with suspicious tribes people on the lakeshore, which resulted in a number of casualties, gave rise in England to criticism of this new kind of traveler with his journalists outlook and forceful methods. Lake Tanganyika was next explored and found to have no connection with the Nile system. Stanley and his men pressed on west to the Lualaba River (the actually river that Livingstone had hoped was the Nile but that proved to be the headstream of the Congo).There they joined forces with the Arab trader Tippu Tib, who accompanied them for a few laps downriver, accordingly left Stanley to fight his way first to Stanley Pool (now Malebo Pool) and then (partly overland) down to the great cataracts he named Livingstone Falls. Stanley and his men reached the sea on Aug. 12, 1877. F ailing to enlist British interests in the development of the Congo, Stanley took service with the king of Belgium, Leopold II, whose secret ambition it was to annex the region for himself.From August 1879 to June 1884 Stanley was in the Congo basin, where he built a track from the lower Congo up to Stanley Pool and launched steamers on the upper river. (It is from this period, when Stanley persevered in the face of great difficulties, that he earned, from his men, the nickname of Bula Matari Breaker of Rocks). Originally under transnational auspices, Stanleys work was to pave the way for the creation of the Congo Free State, under the sovereignty of King Leopold.Author Laura Benet does not disappoint us with this extensive study formerly know John Rowlands in Wales, Stanleys boyhood was harried by poverty, by relatives who treated him as a thorn in the side and by tough years in a workhouse- not the best of conditions for growing up. Amazingly unembittered by this, John went as a youth to New Orleans and had the good opportunity to go to work for Henry Morton Stanley, a southern merchant who adopted him and whose name John later took. Still another set back, the Civil War, was not enough to dispirit the new Henry Stanley, who found himself in post war years a reporter for the New York Herald.First assignments sent him to Abyssinia and Spain and then the incline for Livingstone geared the rest of his life as the reporter explorer who left his mark on the opening up of Africa. For an exciting biography, the author dug full-bodied into Stanleys life and made him a full personality in these pages, without ignoring the challenges each journey entailed. I personally found this book to be a very interesting read, it kept me intrigued and involved with an attraction that intensified with each depiction of the stories.I would recommend this book to all readers young and old. For the summary I chose stories about Stanleys nigh memorable adventures like the search for Livingston, the journey through Africa, and King Leopolds covert purchase of African territory for best locations. Those stories really helped put Stanley into greatness out-of-pocket to the impact they made, he saved David Livingston, a Nation hero also help jump start the Race for Africa for King Leopold all this aside from the fact that he was quite the reporter/adventure/identity thief.

The Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymers Engineering Essay

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVESEthylene-propylene-diene terpolymers ( EPDM ) have been astray utilize in industrial applications because of their first class foeman against heat, ozone and weathering, every bit good as their unusual availability of accepting risque burden of fillers 1-3 . Support in the overt presentments of mussitate bendable compounds, such as tensile strength, resiliency, wear opposition and flex opposition, behind be achieved by lading the compounds with particulate fillers. Different classs of C black atomic number 18 the well- cognise conventional fillers utilise in EPDM put on elastic bands compounds 4 . Increasingly, mineral fillers like te oxide and clay have attracted much attending as they personify less and give less wellness jeopardies 4 . But delinquent to the hapless silica- caoutchouc bonding, the support by atomic number 14 oxide has non been to the full exploited 4, 5 . The handiness of silanised atomic number 14 oxide, whi ch is normally obtained by pre-treating silicon oxide with Bi ( 3-triethoxysilylpropyl ) tetrasulphane ( TESPT ) , a sexual union agent, adheres silicon oxide to the put onwood elastic 6 . Furthermore, it is attractive that the sulphur-bearing bi operable organosilane can besides answer to bring forrader crosslinks mingled with maunder elastic ironss with the nominal head of gasoline pedals and activators at elevated temperatures, i.e. 140-240AC 5-12 . The presence of TESPT improves the animate procedure in silanised silica-filled EPDM apply elastics with other common vulcanizing systems. Though many another(prenominal) investigate workers have made attempts to look into different amends systems for EPDM put on elastics 3, 4, 13-17 , the inquiry on the power of doctor systems for commercial production remains unfastened. That gives the aim of this undertaking which is as followeUsing different remedy systems to crosslink silanised silica-filled EPDM gingiva el astic Assess efficiency of the remedy systems Choose the most efficient one for bring more or lessing the gluewood elastic.This literature reappraisal foremost introduces the basic background of EPDM gum elastic, including composing, chemical construction and identical belongingss and industrial applications in Section 2. and so a brief overview of the preparation of silanised silica-filled EPDM gum elastic compounds is given in Section 3, followed by the elabo step entering of recent plants on fillers and remedy systems for silanised silica-filled EPDM gum elastic in Sections 4, 5 and 6. Finally, the undertaking program will be discussed.BASIC BACKGROUND OF EPDM pr unconstipatedtiveTerpolymerisation of ethene, propene and a non-conjugated diene gives EPDM gum elastic with a concentrated ethyl radicalene-propylene anchor and unsaturation site in the side group, introduced by diene monomers 17 . Generally, ethene and propene monomers argon the major constituents in an EPDM , planning inherently first-class opposition against debasement by heat, visible radiation, O, and, in peculiar, ozone 18 . The pocket-sized nitty-gritty of non-conjugated diene monomers place the oxidizable unsaturation sites available for sulphur vulcanization or polymer alteration chemical science, as the dienes ar so structured that merely one of the dual bonds will polymerize 19 .Figure 1 EPDM ternonomersThe three co-monomers use in industry ar present in Figure 1. Each diene monomer incorporates with a different ability of triping long concatenation complication or polymer side ironss, hence affect the processing and vulcanization procedure 20 . The most normally employ termononer is ethylidene norborne ( ENB ) as it can integrate easier and has greater responsiveness with sulphur vulcanization 19 . The chemical construction of EPDM with ENB termonomer is illustrated as followsFigure 2 Chemical construction of EPDMA habitual sum-up of belongingss of EPDM gum e lastic is listed in bow 1 below. plank 1 Properties of EPDM gum elasticsPolymer PropertiesMooney Viscosity, ML ( 1+4, 125AC )5 to 200Ethylene Content ( wt. % )45 to 80Diene Content ( wt. % )0 to 15Specific Gravity ( gm/ml )0.855 to 0.88Vulcanisate PropertiesHardness ( Shore A Durometer )30 to 95Tensile Strength ( MPa )7 to 21Compaction Set B, ( % )20 to 60Elongation ( % )100 to 600Useful Temperature Range ( AC )-50 to +160Tear ResistanceFair to closeAbrasion ResistanceGood to ExcellentResilienceFair to GoodElectrical PropertiesExcellentEPDM is the fastest turning man-made gum elastic having to its excellent ozone and thermic opposition over other diene gum elastics and its burden of fillers and plasticizers to an highly high degree 18 . EPDM has found widespread applications in 18 automotive applications, such as seals, hosieries and profiles Construction applications, such as roof sheeting, profiles, and seals Electrical overseas telegrams and jacketing Moulded contraption parts besides isBlended with other gum elastics and thermoplastics.EPDM RUBBER FORMULATIONFillers for EPDM RubberDue to the non-crystallising nature of EPDM gum elastic, support is required for EPDM gum elastic, since the windup(prenominal) belongingss of the unfilled gum elastic atomic number 18 rather hapless. Carbon black is the most widely used filler for reenforcing EPDM gum elastics, but silicon oxide, clay, talc and some other mineral fillers are besides used 19 . Increasingly, more attending is being paid to silica 1, 2, 4, 15, 16, 21-25 . To accomplish full excogitatement of support by reenforcing fillers in EPDM gum elastics, C black and other fillers must be good dispersed. Good support can give EPDM gum elastics with high tensile strength, good tear opposition and improved deoxyephedrine opposition. Furthermore, a well- coalesce wad besides improves the processability for bulge, calendaring and modeling 19 . The reenforcing fillers and their cause on EPDM gu m elastics will be discussed in item in Sections 4 and 5.Remedy Systems for EPDM RubberAs mentioned before, the incorporation of unsaturation sites allows the atomic number 16 vulcanising of EPDM prophylactic. second remedy is the most widely used method, busying about 80 % of EPDM applications 17 . EPDM gum elastic can besides be vulcanize in a bleach remedy system. Rubber vulcanised by southward remedy system can suit more emphasis and exhibit higher(prenominal) extension phone at interruption, while the advantage of bleach remedy over sulphur remedy is the formation of thermo-stable carbon-carbon bonds alternatively of thermo-labile sulphur-sulphur bonds, as the dissociation temperature and energy of sulphur-sulphur bonds is place down than that of carbon-carbon bonds 17, 26 . Hence higher effectivity of heat opposition of EPDM gum elastic can be obtained by peroxide remedy systems. The treatment of remedy systems for EPDM gum elastics will be unwrapped in Section 6. Other AdditivesOther normally used additives in EPDM rubber compounds are plasticizers, softeners and treating AIDSs. Naphthenic oils have been the most widely used plasticizers as they have the mitigate compatibility with EPDM gum elastic and lowest cost. Paraffinic oils are normally used for elevated-temperature applications or in colored compounds due to the lower volatility and higher UV stableness. Stearic acid, Zn stearic and other internal lubricators are frequently used as processing AIDSs in EPDM rubber compounds. The presence of tackifier or non is dependent on if there is a demand for presenting tack as EPDM gum elastic compounds are inherently non tacky 19 .Different preparations of EPDM rubber compounds consequence in a assortment of applications. A typical formula for C black-filled EPDM gum elastic for sheeting application is shown in Table 2 below. Tiwari and colleagues 27 studied consequence of different interventions of silicon oxide on silica-filled EPDM gum elastic belongingss and the basic preparation for silanised silica-filled gum elastic is given in Table 3.Table 2 Typical formula for C black-filled EPDM sheeting 19 ComponentsAmount ( phr )EPDM A100N 347 black120Talc30PARAFFINIC oil type 103B95Zinc oxide5Stearic acid1MBTS2.2TMTD0.65TETD0.65Sulfur0.75Table 3 Basic preparation for silanised silica-filled individual EPDM gum elasticComponentsAmount ( phr )EPDM100Silica50ZnO5Stearic acid2.0Silane ( TESPT )4Sulfur1.04N-cyclohexylbenzothiazole-2- sulphonamide ( CBS )1.5Tetramethylthiuram disulphide ( TMTD )0.8Zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate ( ZBEC )1.5Fillers USED IN EPDM RUBBERCarbon Black A Conventional FillerCarbon inkinesss are the most widely used reenforcing fillers in gum elastic industry since the find of their effectivity of intermiting the physical and robotic belongingss of natural elastomers in 1904 12 . Different classs of C black have been used in EPDM gum elastics for industrial applications, such as roof sheeting and automotive profiles and many research workers have studied about the mechanical behavior of C black reinforced EPDM gum elastics.Ghosh and Chakrabarti 28 reported effects of different sums of C inkinesss on the physical and mechanical belongingss, ageing behavior and conduction of EPDM rubber compounds and the rheological behavior of EPDM gum elastic in bulge processing. Osanaiye 29 used sinusoidal shear flows to analyze the effects of C black, temperature and shear frequence on dynamic mechanical belongingss of EPDM rubber compounds. The effects of different sums of carry oning C black filler on thaw rheology and relaxation behavior of healing leave office EPDM gum elastic by cone home base viscometer was reported by Ghosh and Chakrabarti 30 . Abd-El Salam and colleagues 31 used inactive and dynamic analysis to analyze consequence of different vulcanizing systems on the mechanical belongingss of butyl rubber/ EPDM general furnace black. Cavdar, S. et al 3 reported a co mparative survey on mechanical, thermic, viscoelastic and rheological belongingss of cured C black filled EPDM gum elastic.thither are many more illustrations of research on other facets of C black reinforced EPDM gum elastics. For illustration, conductive gum elastics have been made by adding conductive C inkinesss into EPDM and its blends by Das, N. C. et Al 32 . The electrical and mechanical belongingss have been studied.Silica A Novel FillerRecently, man-made silicon oxide is going more pop as reenforcing filler in EPDM gum elastics because they have proved to be every bit effectual as C inkinesss 12 . Furthermore, silica offers some(prenominal) advantages over C black in tyre paces, a higher wear opposition and better derisory-grip with a lower turn overing opposition can be obtained by utilizing silicon oxide instead than carbon black 1 . Besides, silica-filled compounds are really suited for light coloring material applications.Problem and TreatmentsThe support of si licon oxide in EPDM gum elastic has non reached the coveted degree because of the hapless silica-EPDM bonding. The surfaces of silicon oxides have siloxane and silanol groups, which make the filler acidic and polar 7 while EPDM gum elastic is non-polar. When the polar silicon oxide is assorted with non-polar and olefinic hydrocarbon gum elastics, e.g. EPDM, hydrogen-bond interactions among polar siloxane or silanol groups in agglomerates are more likely to happen than the interactions between silicon oxide and rubber 1 , ensuing in hapless compatibility of hydrocarbon gum elastics with silicon oxide. Furthermore, the acidic silanol groups interact with the basic gas pedals, spread outing the remedy clock to an unacceptable degree and take downing the crosslinking engrossment 5 . The polar surface of silicon oxide will besides be given to absorb wet and this influences remedy and belongingss of the cured gum elastic 5 . Additionally, the viscousness increases with increasi ng sum of silicon oxide filler and if the viscousness is excessively high, the processability will be cut back and inordinate wear and tear of the processing machine will take topographic point 5 .However, the handiness of specific matching agents makes the usage of silicon oxide in EPDM rubber compounds possible. Bifunctional organosilanes are normally used to better the compatibility between silicon oxide and hydrocarbon gum elastics by falsifying the surfaces of silicon oxide 1 .Silanes and Silanised SilicaBifunctional silanes can be used to chemically associate an organic stuff to an inorganic substrate. The rule purpose of utilizing silanes to respond with silica involves cut downing ablating hydrophilicity of silicon oxide and presenting a new organo functional groups onto the silicon oxide surfaces 1 . In the instance of sulphur-cured compounds, sulphur-functional silanes perform best and for peroxide-cured compounds, unsaturated silanes such as vinylsilanes are reco mmended.In footings of sulphur-cure systems, the usage of Bi ( 3-triethoxysilylpropyl- ) tetrasulphane ( TESPT ) ( Figure 3 ) as a yoke agent is good established, since foremost introduced in 1991 in a practical application in green tyres by Rauline 33 ..Figure 3 Chemical construction of TESPTTESPT possesses ethoxy groups and tetrasulphane groups. The ethoxy groups oppose with silanol groups on the silicon oxide surfaces via hydrolysis tool 33 , taking to the strong covalent silica-filler bonding. The tetrasulphane groups are no-good reactive and therefore stable rubber-silica bonding can be achieved via due south crosslinking. Bis ( 3-triethoxysilylpropyl ) -disulphane ( TESPD ) was subsequently introduced chiefly to get the better of the pro-scorching job of TESPT, as the sulphur-sulphur dissociation energy of TESPD was lower than that of TESPT 33 .The silanisation of silicon oxides are normally obtained by two attacks. Silica and silanes are assorted preliminarily at an o ptimal temperature and reaction clip, or, instead, they can be mixed in situ during the commixture procedure 5 . The latter is the more normally used method 34 . A good silanisation is required as it yields best support and reduces compound indurating during storage. A certain sum of H2O can speed up the silanisation. The optimum wet subject is suggested to be around 3-6 % 34 . The chief influences on the in situ silanisation of silica-silane filled compounds are summarised in Figure 4.Furthermore, if silicon oxide is used in a blend with, e.g. , C black, relatively more silane is required as silane is less likely to make the silica surface quantitatively in a given commixture clip 34 . In these instances, silanised silicon oxide obtained by the pre-treatment is advisable.Optimum silanisationAndShort commixture timesRelease of ethyl alcoholT aand T aRelease of ethyl alcoholTaand taGood silicon oxide scatterIaas TaComplete matching reaction Ta and T aAvoid pre-crosslinkingT a and T aFast transit proceduresIaas T a high school mobility of the silane little sizeBest rotor and blending chamber geometryFigure 4 chief influences on the silanisation reaction 34 Apart from sulphur vulcanization, the addition of vinylsilanes is normally applied to better the mechanical belongingss of peroxide-cured compounds. The general construction of vinylsilanes is shown in Figure 5.Figure 5 generalized construction of vinylsilanesIn contrast to the reasonably high dose of sulphur-functional silanes in merchandises necessitating high mechanical belongingss, a strong support can be achieved by the incorporation of merely 2 parts by weight Si 225 ( VTEO ) per silicon oxide 34 . Adding more extremist instigator or activators can ensue in higher crosslink densenesss 34 .However, the applications of silanised silicon oxide are elephantinely focused in natural gum elastic ( NR ) , styrene butadiene gum elastic ( SBR ) , and polybutadiene gum elastic ( BR ) . Very few re search works has been published on the effects of silane on EPDM gum elastics, but there are still some. Kim 33 reported consequence of TESPD on the processability and mechanical belongingss of EPDM rubber. Taikum and Luginsland 16 studied the function of silane-rubber yoke in sulfur, peroxide and metal oxide bring arounding systems for EPDM gum elastic. Das et al 4 showed that the presence of TEPST change magnitude the marrow of bound gum elastic in silica-filled EPDM compounds, which was critical to the mechanical belongingss of the gum elastic.Other TreatmentsOther matching agentsBesides silane, several other matching agents have been employed to modify the silica-EPDM bonding. Das et al 4 usage Bi diisopropyl thiophosphoryl disuli?de ( DIPDIS ) , to modify EPDM rubber alternatively of silicon oxide by two-stage vulcanization technique. The effects of TAC ( Triallyl Cyanorate ) as a yoke agent on hardening and mechanical belongingss of silica-filled EPDM gum elastic wer e studied by Abtahi and associates 1 .Others methodsTiwari et al 23 treated the surfaces of silicon oxide by plasma-polymerisation with acetylene monomer and one twelvemonth subsequently, the comparative survey of plasma-thiophene and -acetylene coated silicon oxide in EPDM support was reported 27 . Tan and Isayev 22 treated silicon oxide utilizing a coaxal supersonic extruder and investigated the effects on belongingss of ultrasound-treated silicon oxide on filled EPDM gum elastic.Other fillersIn most instances, C black and silicon oxide are used to reinforce EPDM gum elastics. Some other sorts of fillers have been added to EPDM rubber matrix and their effects been investigated, affecting montmorillonite ( OMMT ) nanofiller 35 , nano-zinc oxide 36 , Sm2O3 26 , short cyanuramide fibers 37 , modify/halloysite 38 and so on.Effects OF FILLERS ON PROPERTIES OF EPDM RUBBEREffectss of Carbon BlackAs mentioned before, research workers have studied a batch about the effe cts of adding C black on the mechanical belongingss of EPDM rubber, demoing that the belongingss were improved significantly 3, 28-32 . Cavdar and associates 3 reported that the Young s modulus, Shore A hardness, and compaction force over distortion ranage increased with increasing content of C black, while the lengthiness at interruption reduced ( Figure 6 ) .Figure 6 Effectss of C black content on ( a ) mechanical belongingss and ( B ) rheological belongingss of EPDM rubber 3 .The Young s modulus was most filler content medium as the value increased aggressively with sum of C black. In footings of rheological belongingss, increasing C black content resulted in higher upper limit torsion and the difference between upper limit and minimal torsion, which corresponded to relative crosslinking denseness. The optimal remedy clip decreased with increasing the filler content.Considerable research has been done to understand the mechanism of support. Two chief features of active i nkinesss are their surface country and sum construction, which determine the inactive and dynamic in-rubber belongingss and therefore do it possible to orient the public presentation of gum elastic merchandises.Effectss of SilicaEffectss of silicon oxide on the mechanical belongingss of EPDM gum elasticWithout silanesThe effectivity of silicon oxide as reenforcing filler in EPDM gum elastic was confirm by Ichzo and colleagues 2 who showed that tensile strength had improved by 500 % , tear strength by 400 % and elongation at interruption at 140 % by adding 20 phr of precipitated silicon oxide. They used silicon oxide with different size and demonstrated that an increasing inclination of tensile strength can be achieved when the size of silica atom decreased. The hardness of EPDM gum elastic increased with the filler burden but it was non particle size dependant. They besides found that silicon oxide sums size distribution affected the mechanical belongingss and it deserved more att ending.With silanesDas 4 indicated that the Young s modulus, tensile strength and crosslinking value of silica-filled EPDM gum elastics increased well when 1-2 phr of TESPT was added, while the elongation at interruption decreased, as illustrated in Figure 7 below.( B )( a )( vitamin D )( degree Celsius )( degree Fahrenheit(postnominal) )( vitamin E ) Figure 7 Consequence of TESPT on the mechanical belongingss of EPDM rubber compounds ( a ) modulus at 100 % elongation ( B ) modulus at 300 % elongation ( degree Celsius ) tensile strength ( vitamin D ) hardness ( vitamin E ) elongation at interruption ( degree Fahrenheit ) crosslinking value 4 .Consequence of silicon oxide on treating belongings of EPDM gum elasticAs mentioned earlier, adding silicon oxide to EPDM gum elastic will do the processing more hard as the viscousness increases significantly when a large sum of silicon oxide is involved 5 .However, the handiness of silanes such as TESPT or TESPD weaken the interact ion between silica atoms as the ethoxy groups in silane react with the surfaces of silicon oxide by the silanol groups, taking to a alteration in interfaces between the polymer-polymer, polymer-silica and silica-silica 33 . Hence, it reduces the viscousness and improves the processability of the gum elastic compounds 5 . Kim 33 reported that the add-on of TESPD to silica-filled EPDM gum elastic yielded lower Mooney viscousness, heat coevals and bulge force per unit area build-up through an extruder, which made treating easier.Effectss of silicon oxide on thermic belongings of EPDM gum elasticMadani 39 studied the thermic belongings of gamma radiation cured silica-filled EPDM via thermohydrometric analysis ( TGA ) and demonstrated that the presence of silicon oxide reduced the rate of debasement and the weight loss of vulcanisates. This was due to the improved adhesion between silicon oxide and EPDM rubber matrix. He besides stated that thermic belongings of silica-filled EPD M gum elastic was firm by the burden of filler, filler size and construction, filler-matrix interactions and processing technique.Consequence of silicon oxide on the ageing belongings of EPDM gum elasticAirplanes et al 15, 40 used gamma radiation to age unfilled and filled EPDM gum elastics at room temperature and at 80AC to analyze the influence of silicon oxide on the gum elastic debasement. They evidenced that adding untreated silicon oxide accelerated the polymer stage debasement due to the formation of auxiliary groups triggered by silica irradiation. If silane-treated silicon oxide was presented, the debasement acceleration was delayed.Effectss of silicon oxide on the electrical belongings of EPDM gum elasticRaw EPDM gum elastic is an dielectric with a conduction of about 10-14 S-1 39 . It was proved that the add-on of inorganic fillers such as silicon oxide increased the conduction of polymer 39 . Madani 39 investigated the fluctuation of dielectric changeless ( ) o f some healed EPDM and silica-filled EPDM gum elastics as a map of frequence and found that was filler content dependant it increased up to 10 phr, and so decreased with increasing burden. He pointed that the addition was due to the polar groups present on silicon oxide surfaces, and that the lessening was due to the increasing system denseness and the extent of orientation of dipoles.Effectss of scattering of silicon oxide on the belongingss of EPDM gum elasticFiller scattering has a distinguishable consequence on the belongingss of gum elastic compounds. Poor scattering has a negative consequence on gum elastic belongingss by making structural defects 5 . Polmanteer and Lentz 41 demonstrated that some belongingss such as tensile strength and tear strength improved as the filler scattering quality increased after they examined consequence of scattering of silicon oxide on the belongingss of some sulphur-cured gum elastics. To obtain a better scattering of fillers in gum elastic compounds, increasing commixture clip is an efficient method, nevertheless, at the cost of take downing the molecular weight of polymer, which leads to the decrease in mechanical belongingss 5 . The arrange of scattering of filler can be examined by microscopy methods, such as negatron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.CURE SYSTEMS FOR EPDM RUBBERSulphur Cure systemsEvery gum elastic merchandise is vulcanised with its ain specific remedy system, ensuing in assorted belongingss. As already mentioned, the incorporation of pendent unsaturation sites enables that EPDM rubber to be vulcanised by sulphur plus gas pedals. Sulphur remedy is the most widely used vulcanising method for bring arounding EPDM gum elastics, representing about 80 % of the EPDM applications 17 . Compared with peroxide-cured EPDM gum elastics, sulphur-cured gum elastic compounds are able to suit more emphasis and exhibit higher elongation at interruption.Basically, three types of sulfur crosslinks are use d in elastomers, viz. , monosuphfidic ( C-S-C ) , disulphidic ( C-S2-C ) and polysuphidic ( C-Sn-C ) . The crosslink denseness and the value of Ns are chiefly determined by vulcanizing system and procedure conditions such as remedy temperature and clip. oer the old ages three particular types of remedy systems have been established based on the degree of sulfur and the ratio of accelerator-to-sulphur applied. They areEfficient vulcanization ( EV ) systems,Semi-efficient vulcanization ( SEV ) systems andConventional vulcanization ( CONV ) systems.EV systems are characterised by a high ratio of accelerator-to-sulphur or even sulphurless, but incorporating sulphur-donor alternatively. They are normally used in vulcanisates which require an highly high heat and reversion opposition 42 . CONV systems are vulcanisation systems with a low ratio of gas pedals to sulfur and they can supply better flex and dynamic belongingss but worse thermal and reversion opposition. A semi-efficient reme dy system has an accelerator-to-sulphur ratio in between those of the CONV and EV vulcanization systems. For SEV systems, optimal degrees of mechanical and dynamic belongingss of vulcanisates with intermediate heat, reversion and flex belongingss can be obtained 42 . The composings of CONV, SEV and EV systems are shown in Table 4.Table 4 the degrees of gas pedals and sulfur in CONV, SEV and EV systems 42 TypeSulphur ( phr )Accelerator ( phr )A/S ratioCONV2.0-3.51.2-0.40.1-0.6SEV1.0-1.72.5-1.20.7-2.5Electron fivesome0.4-0.85.0-2.02.5-12Increasing accelerator-to-sulphur ratio consequences in increased sum of shorter mono- and disulphidic crosslinks. As the dissociation energy of C-C bonds are larger than that of S-S bonds. Vulcanisates obtained by EV and SEV systems possess a better heat and reversion opposition than those cured by CONV systems. The general influences of the type of vulcanization systems on the construction and belongingss of the vulcanisates are summarised in Tab le 5.Table 5 vulcanisate construction and belongingss for different remedy systemsFeaturesRemedy systemsCONVSEVElectron voltPoly-and disulphidic crosslinks ( % )955020Monosulphidic crosslinks ( % )55080Cyclic sulfide ( conc. ) naughty sensitive humbleNon-sulphidic ( conc. )HighMediumLowReversion oppositionLowMediumHighHeat ageing oppositionLowMediumHighFatigue oppositionHighMediumLowHeat construct upHighMediumLowTear oppositionHighMediumLowCompaction set ( % )HighMediumLowFurthermore, nitrosamine free or safe hardening bundles were developed for the replacing of remedy systems which develop nitrosamines during vulcanization. N-nitrosamines formed during vulcanization as condensation merchandises from certain gas pedals and azotic gasses and are carcinogenic 43 . They are generated from some thiuram and dithiocarbamates gas pedals, which are known as ultra-accelerators and normally used in EPDM gum elastic intensifying 43 . Traditional ultra-accelerators can be replaced by nitros amine-free systems, but at outlay of high costs.About all imaginable combination of bring arounding ingredients for EPDM rubber compounds have been evaluated over the old ages 42 . Five typical remedy systems are listed in Table 6. The alternate nitrosamine free or safe remedy systems are suggested in Table 7.Table 6 Five remedy systems for EPDM rubber 42 Systems ( phr )AdvantagesDisadvantagesSystem 1Low costBloomingS 1.5TMTD 1.52-mercaptobenzothiazole ( MBT ) 0.5System 2Excellent physical belongingss and fast remedyScorchy and expensiveS 2.0MBT 1.5Tellurium diethyl dithiocarbamate ( TDEC ) 0.8Dipentamethyl thiuram tetrasulphide ( DPTT ) 0.8TMTD 0.8System 3Excellent compaction set and good heat ageing oppositionBloom and really high costS 0.5Zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate ( ZDBC ) 3.0Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate ( ZDMC ) 3.04,4dithiodimorpholine ( DTDM ) 2.0TMTD 3.0System 4Non-bloomingCure comparatively slow and worse compaction setS 2.02,2-dithiobenzothiaole ( MBTS )ZDBC 2.5TMTD 0 .8System 5Zinc O, O-dibutylphosphorodithioate ( ZBPD ) 2.0TMTD 1.0N-butylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide ( TBBS ) 2.0S 1.0Fast remedy and good physical belongingssBloomingTable 7 Some NA free options for the remedy systems above 42 SystemsNA free optionsSystem 1S 1.5S 1.3MBT 0.5MBT 0.75TMTD 1.5CBS 3.8System 2S 2.0S 1.5MBT 1.5ZMBT 2.0TDEC 0.8ZBEC 0.5DPTT 0.8ZBPD 2.0System 5ZBPD 2.0ZBPD 2.5TMTD 1.00TBBS 2.0TBBS 2.0S 1.0S 1.2Besides, an activator, such as Zn oxide, is normally needed in EPDM remedy systems to maximize the efficiency of gas pedals and chemical adhesion between the filler and gum elastic.Silanised Silica a Crosslinking Filler An of import issue must be considered sing the sulphur remedy systems for silanised silica-filled EPDM gum elastic is the fact that the usage of sulphur-functional silanes such as TESPT combine silicon oxide with sulfur into one individual merchandise known as a crosslinking filler 6 , such as silanised silicon oxide. It can non merely better the mechanical belongingss of gum elastic, but besides can bring forth crosslinks between the gum elastic ironss at elevated temperatures in the presence of gas pedals due to the sulphur-containing groups. Therefore, the vulcanization procedure can be achieved without elemental sulfur being present 6 . Research has shown that the mechanical belongingss of some vulcanisates improved significantly in malice of the decrease in the usage of the hardening chemicals 6 .It was demonstrated that during the vulcanization procedure the formation of both rubber matrix crosslinking web and silica-rubber yoke web occurred at the same time and did non separate. In the presence of elemental sulfur, the two different crosslinking reactions compete for the added sulfur as the sulphur-functional silanes like TESPT are sulphur acceptor 34 . Therefore the crosslinking construction and the support are determined by the sums of silane and sulfur. The influence of adding different sums of sulfur and sil ane on the matrix and silica-rubber yoke webs is shown in Figure 8.Figure 8 consequence of the sum of ( a ) added sulfur and ( B ) silane ( TSEPT ) on the crosslinking densenesss of matrix and silica-rubber yoke 34 It is apparent that increased sum of sulfur enhances the efficiency of the silica-rubber yoke until all the silane is activated. Initially, a little grade of addition in the matrix crosslink denseness is observed, due to the ingestion of free sulfur by the activation of silane. After the full activation of silane, the matrix crosslink denseness additions much faster. With regard to the increasing sum of silane at a changeless sum of sulfur, the entire figure of silica-rubber bonds additions while the degree of the matrix crosslink denseness reduces, owing to the incorporation of sulfur by the silane 34 . Furthermore, in the instance of TESPD, a disulphide silane, the consequence is more important. Therefore it can be concluded that altering the sum of elemental sulfur and silane consequences in different ratios of the matrix and silica-rubber webs 34 . Furthermore, mechanical belongingss of silanised silica-filled gum elastic can be predicted because silica-rubber yoke dominates the modulus and hydrophobation lowers hardness values. Some exercise effects of silane on the mechanical public presentation of silica-filled EPDM gum elastic have been presented in Section 5.2.1.Peroxide Cure systemsOverviewCrosslinking with peroxides was foremost introduced in 1915, but did nt pull excessively much attending until the development of to the full saturated ethylene-propylene copolymers ( EPM ) 42 . Many sorts of elastomers can be vulcanised by peroxide remedy systems expeditiously, including NR, SBR, EPDM, BR, nitrile gum elastic, Silicones and fluorocarbon elastomers 42 . The unsaturation can better the efficiency of peroxide vulcanization 17 , due to the higher concentration of allylic Hs 42 . The comparative efficiency of peroxide crosslink ing for different elastomers isBR & gt NR and SBR & gt NBR & gt CR & gt EPDMThe advantages and disadvantages of peroxide remedy compared to sulfur vulcanization are listed in Table 8 42 Table 8 Advantages and disadvantage of peroxide remedy compared with sulphur remedyAdvantagesDisadvantagesThermo-stable C-C bonds alternatively of thermo-labile S-S bonds,Scorch free storage of compounds,Simple compound preparation,Low compaction set even at high remedy temperature,It is possible to bring around at high temperatures without reversion,Good electrical belongingss of healed gum elastic,No stain of compounds.Low intensifying flexibleness Lack of flexibleness in modulating singe and optimal remedy clipInferior tensile, tear and flex public presentation,Inferior cole oppositionHigher cost,Sensitivity to oxygen during vulcanization,Smells of peroxide decomposition merchandises.Peroxide remedy of EPDMPeroxide-cured EPDM gum elastics are being widely used for many old ages. They are no rmally used in window seals, automotive hosieries, roof sheeting, tanking liner, electrical insularities, steam hosieries, roll coverings moldings and so on 42 .Mechanism of peroxide remedy of EPDM gum elasticThe mechanism of peroxide remedy of EPDM gum elastic and the subsequent practical effects have been reviewed by new wave Duin and colleagues 17, 44, 45 . In the by and large accepted mechanism of peroxide remedy of EPDM, the major stairss are illustrated in Figure 9.Figure 9 Mechanism for peroxide remedy of EPDM 17, 44, 45 Thermal debasement of the peroxide initiated by procedure triggered a concatenation of free-radical reactions, taking to the formation of primary alkoxy ( ROa? ) or secondary alkyl groups ( Ra? ) . Then the abstraction of H-atoms from the EPDM polymer outputs EPDM macro-radicals ( EPDMa? ) . The following measure is the combination of two EPDM macro-radicals, or the incorporation of a macro-radical to an EPDM unsaturation. If a yoke agent, such as vinyls ilanes mentioned in Section 4.2.1.1 ( TAC, trimethylolpropane or m-phenylenbis ( maleimide ) ) , is present, the peroxide remedy efficiency can be increased, as they can heighten the H-atoms abstraction and the undermentioned reactions are repressed 1, 17 EPDMa? + ROa? a EPDM RO ( No crosslinking )EPDMa? aEPDMa? + ( I?-Scission )The issues of the elaborate mechanism of peroxide vulcanization of EPDM gum elastic remain unfastened, chiefly having to the complexness of the system. Several surveies have been conducted to see far apprehension of the chemical mechanism of peroxide remedy of EPDM 46, 47 .Matching agents for peroxide remedy of silica-filled EPDM gum elasticAs antecedently stated, vinylsilanes are normally incorporated in peroxide remedy systems for silica-filled EPDM gum elastic to better vulcanization efficiency and mechanical public presentation of vulcanisates. The effectivity of TAC as a yoke agent for peroxide vulcanization of silica-filled EPDM gum elastic was investigated by Abtahi et al 1 and concluded that TAC matching agent improved some belongingss such as tensile strength, scratch and resiliency opposition with a proper preparation. They besides used SEM to hold a deep penetration in the interaction between silica filler and gum elastic in the presence of TAC and found that the grade of support was chiefly affected by the grade of wettability.New DevelopmentsReducing the sulfur content consequences in vulcanisates with better thermal opposition throughout service life, nevertheless, this is at the disbursal of decrease in mechanical public presentations such as dynamic weariness opposition and tear opposition. This via media can be eliminated by utilizing two additives, viz. hexamethylene-1, 6-bisthiosulphate ( HTS ) , a station vulcanization stabilizer and 1, 3-bis ( citraconimidomethyl ) benzine, an anti-reversion agent 42 .Vulcanization techniques have effects on EPDM gum elastics. Das 4 studied the efficiency of one-stage and two-stage sulfur vulcanization techniques of silica- filled EPDM gum elastics and reported that alteration of EPDM gum elastic by two-stage vulcanization technique enhanced the interactions between EPDM rubber and silicon oxide.Furthermore, assorted remedy systems can besides be employed to heighten the public presentation of vulcanisates.Undertaking PlanThe overall purpose of this undertaking is to prove some sulfur and peroxide remedy systems to bring around silanised silica-filled EPDM gum elastic to bring forth a gum elastic with good mechanical belongingss utilizing a suited hardening system. The undertaking programs arePrepare silanised silica-filled EPDM gum elastic compounds with peroxide and bring around the gum elastic with gas pedal and activator via the sulfur in the silane Use C black and silanised silicon oxide nanofillers in EPDM gum elastic to measure their effects on the mechanical belongingss of the gum elastic Remedy and step the mechanical belongingss of fill ed EPDM gum elastic to set up consequence of the bring arounding systems and fillers on the gum elastic belongingss.

Hydroponics

Hydroponics As the originations population grows exponentially, modern unsophisticated practices must focus on sustainability, to produce f ar while qualification efforts to maintain the surroundings. In order to produce more feed for the out growing population, producers gull gaind their use of viable rustic lands resulting in 11% of solid ground existence tilled for gardening. While this number seems to be relatively low, it must be addressed that this 11% usage takes up almost all of the worlds land than trick be used for crop exertion, due to various factors such as human development making the land unserviceable for developing crops (Owen, 2005).In order to combat this ever-increasing issue, alternative-farming methods must be introduced internationally. One alternative method to traditional field-growth of crops has been shown to be very effective for centuries this method is now called aquicultural employment (Jones, 1997). Ancient Babylonian hanging gardens a nd Azte offer floating gardens ar two examples of hydroponics from agricultural history that show the advantages of using hydroponics in an agricultural schema (Jones, 1997).Hydroponic doing of crops is characterized by the propagation of crops in solutions of water and nutrients these offer be used with or without the addition of a growth media to provide mechanic support to the plants root system (Jensen, 2007). Growing plants hydroponically provides a wide array of ecological benefits, ranging from the ability to grow plants without the need for viable cropland, to risque sustainability due to extremely low emissions. The basic advantages of growing plants in a hydroponic system are explained in Jones book, Hydroponics A Practical study for the Soilless Grower (1997).Jones explains the three main advantages as crops can be grown where no suitable soil exists or where the soil is contaminated with disease, labor for tilling, cultivating, fumigating, watering, and former( a) traditional practices is largely eliminated, this advantage provides incentives for the use of a hydroponic system, but does not directly affect environmental sustainability, and maximum yields are realistic, making the system economically feasible in high-density and expensive land areas (Jones, 1997). These three components are key to what makes hydroponic production of crops a viable choice for ecologically sustainable agriculture.The first core advantage of hydroponic production described by Jones is that when hydroponics are paired with greenhouses or other growing environments, production can take place where no suitable soil is present this addresses a main issue for the future of the food system and agriculture (Jones, 1997). Because most of the possible agricultural land in the world is already being used for production, (in many cases it is being all overused,) efforts must be made to use alternative growing methods without expanding cropland.In most current hydropo nic systems, plants are propagated in greenhouses that provide maximum efficiency in growth, also providing high accessibility for farmers and control over the growing environment (Leonhardt and McCall, 1982). Within the greenhouses many various systems of production can be utilized, these systems range from the water culture system, which is the most common and simple, to aeroponic systems, which require the highest engine room (Shrestha, Dunn).The water culture system employs the basic function of the hydroponic system of production, using a floating platform that holds plants above the surface of the water. The roots are submerged within the water-solution that has an oxygen pump at the bottom of the tank the tank supplies the roots with oxygen and other nutrients, this is categorized as an active production technique (Shrestha, Dunn). This method can be used at fairly large scales within a greenhouse and helps farmers to thoroughly manage nutrient approachability for their pl ants, something that conventional farmers cannot control as dynamically.Hydroponic production is divided into two main aggregate systems, closed (or recirculating), and open (or run-to-waste), and these two categories are further subdivided by peaceful and active systems (Johnson, 2010). Closed systems are the most ecologically efficient option for growing hydroponic plants, this is due to the fact that within this fibre of system, nutrients and water are recirculated and recycled. This means that farmers can reuse water, and add nutrients to the water as needed as plants deplete the concentrations (Shrestha, Dunn).Plants in a closed system are oftentimes grown in gravel or rockwool cultures, which is considered the most widely used growth medium for hydroponic production (Shrestha, Dunn). Rockwool cultures are described as ground-up basalt rocks that is heat and spun into threads and used to form a wool-like material, these form small cubes that optimize growth for plants by re taining water and allowing for air pose for root development (Shrestha, Dunn).By utilizing recycle of water and nutrients, the closed production system offers the greatest choice for sustainability and is the method of choice for many sustainably driven hydroponic farms. Open systems of hydroponic productions involve disposition using of a run-to-waste system of used nutrients and water (Johnson, 2010). The water-nutrient solutions are used by the plants in passive or active methods, and when they have used to their maximum capacity the water, along with the used nutrients are moved to a waste facility (Shrestha, Dunn).The open systems tend to utilize sand as a growth media, as well as the common rockwool culture (Shrestha, Dunn) Active, as a subcategory of open and closed production methods is described as the use of a candle and a growing media with very high capillary action, this provides the roots with the ability to take in the highest levels of water and nutrients. Active systems pass nutrient solutions directly over the plant roots to allow them to intake the nutrients, water and oxygen (Shrestha, Dunn).Each of these hydroponic production systems have their advantages and disadvantages, although closed systems are the most ecologically-friendly, any of the hydroponic systems will provide environmental and sustainable benefits. Other growing environments have recently been introduced for producing crops hydroponically with even further ecological benefits. Structures such as vertical farms, are being familiarized in the production of vegetables. These vertical farms do not require a lot of space and can utilize closed aggregate production systems.A vertical farm is a system of production that uses vertical tiers of growing pots or entire crop beds, because of their vertical alignment, nutrient solutions can be utilise once to the highest level of plants and can, with the help of gravity, be passively applied to the plants growing below (Koerner, 201 2). This cutting edge technology in the field of hydroponic production appears to be the direction many producers will take to transition hydroponic systems to a larger scale. An ideal use of vertical farming integrated with hydroponic crop production would be to create large, industrial-sized acilities that have many vertical tiers of growing beds for crops. These facilities could be placed within urban areas to provide fresh food to food deserts, and utilize space that would otherwise not be used. An important environmental benefit of these hydroponic systems is that that high yield production can be obtained with minimal emissions and other factors of agricultural production. Because vertical farming is in its beginning stages, there is no conclusive evidence as to how the technology can be translated for use in large-scale agriculture, but there are many highly environmentally conscious paths that can be taken.Food shortages exist all over the world and these shortages are usual ly due to the inability to produce food, due to the climate, where the shortages exist. For example, many African countries have food shortages and cannot supply their citizens with adequate levels of food availability. The environment in Africa is not conducive for growing crops for the food system high temperatures and arid climates do not allow the growth of most major food crops. Incorporating hydroponic systems in these types of environments could allow for production of food, where it would be unfeasible otherwise.Hydroponic production allows farmers to manipulate growing conditions and maintain ideal conditions for the growth of crops resulting in the highest possible yields (Jones, 1997). These yields can be achieved in greenhouses, in arid climates, where many important crops for food staples cannot be grown. The third core advantage described by Jones is that maximum yields can be achieved in high density and high priced land areas (Jones, 1997). This advantage is key for producing fresh food within urban environments, while maintaining high yields.Efforts are being made in urban environments to produce fresh vegetables where all fresh produce is imported for consumption. The most prevalent example of this type of agricultural system is taking place in recent York City in alternative farming methods called rooftop farms. In various New York boroughs, with Brooklyn being the most common, residents are beginning production of fruits and vegetables on top of their homes and apartments (Foderaro, 2012). These rooftop farms often utilize hydroponic production to maximize yields in these alternative-growing environments.New York is considered to be the leader of the movement for commercial agriculture produced in an urban environment and movements such as this one can help the worlds hunger problem (Foderaro, 2012). Because most of the worlds expanding population lives in urban environments, this type of agriculture could be a highly viable solution for agricultural production in the future, utilizing available space that would otherwise not be used, especially not for agriculture. In 2012 under mayor Bloombergs administration, rooftop farms gained popularity and were greatly backed by various zoning modifications (Foderaro, 2012).These rooftop farms have shown great environmental benefits in a New York Times article, author Foderaro describes the benefits for growing fresh produce on the citys rooftops. These benefits include recycle rainwater that would otherwise be diverted to the sewers, and greatly decreasing the amount of trucks bringing produce into the city, ultimately decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases and the consumption of fossil fuels (Foderaro, 2012). This type of system has promise as being a key part of the sustainable agriculture movement that must be put into affect to increase production for the food system.The ecological benefits that are posed by the commercialization and adoption of hydroponic production practices have been shown for many years, in many different situations. In order to maximize productivity and yield, hydroponic technologies need to become a mainstream method of commercial farming, if general adoption of these techniques becomes more common, more query efforts will be put towards optimizing production methods. Through these studies, hydroponic production of crops can become a truly viable and ecologically sustainable stemma of food for the food system.Cited Jones, J. Benton. Hydroponics A Practical Guide for the Soilless Grower. 1. Boca Raton, Florida CRC Press, 1997. 1-11. eBook. Owen, James. Farming Claims Almost Half Earths Land, New Maps Show. National Geographic. 28 10 2010 n. page. Web. 4 Apr. 2013. Jensen, ouzel H. Controlled Environment Agriculture Center. Arizona State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Arizona State University, 21 2 2007. Web. 4 Apr 2013. Shrestha, Arjina, and Bruce Dunn. Hydroponics. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension S ervice. HLA-6442 n. page. Web. Apr. 2013. Leonhardt, Kenneth W. , and walk W McCall. Hydroponics. Hawaii Cooperative Extension Service. General Home and Garden Series. 35 (1982) 1-4. Web. 4 Apr. 2013. Koerner, Claudia. Vertical farm Farmer takes crops to new heights. Orange County tapeLaguna Beach 5 9 2012, n. page. Web. 4 Apr. 2013. Johnson, Larry. Types of Hydroponic Systems. ExGro Garden. N. p. , 25 9 2010. Web. 4 Apr 2013. Foderaro, Lisa. To Find Fields to Farm in New York City, Just Look Up. New York Times11 7 2012, N. Y. /Region n. page. Web. 4 Apr. 2013.

Latin America’s Problems: Result of Violent History?

Latin Americas ProblemsResult of Violent History?History plays a role in the problems of any nation, and for that matter in the livesof individual quite a little. Does this mean that a country or person is fated to an inevitablefuture that is colored mostly by its past? To some degree the answer is yes, but to takeany particular feature of a societys past, namely violence in this instance, and thrust thewhole burden of responsibility upon it may be irresponsible, in and of itself, in a sincerequest to ameliorate and ultimately eradicate the bad issues that need to beresolved. If we do want to attribute the current state of affairs in Latin America to itsviolent report, we also need to extrapo fresh the nature and genesis of that violence. Manycountries, including the USA, achieved independence through wars and violence, but wedo non cite our current problems on the American Revolution or the well-mannered War which wasviolence amongst our take people. The source of violence ca n be a key to understandinghow the countries of Latin America and their people have not recovered from the nature of theviolence they endured.When wars are fought to expunge a common enemy there is a feeling ofcamaraderie and nationalism to have fought and won not only against a common enemy,but against the very evil represented by that enemy. This mindset unites people andsolidifies belief systems, ethics, and morals so unavoidable to the success and continuedsuccess of civilizations and their govern handsts. What happens, how eer, when theviolence is perpetrated by the very institution that is supposed to be the bulwark of good,and when the violence is perpetrated by this institution against the very people that lookto it for their protection?Chasteen says that At the most basic level, conquest is always aboutexploitation. (p.58). Although we do not always think of the process of sacred passage as conquest, perhaps we should give this careful consideration. Chasteenseems to agr ee with this as he goes on to say that Most Spanish and Portugeuse peoplethat came to the Americas in the early 1500s believed that bedcover the true religion,even by force, was a good thing. (p. 58). The kind of religion that the Catholic Churchbrought to the Americas in the early 1500s was a perfect utilization of nonchurch/government separation. To sin against Catholic teachings was, in many cases, a criminaloffense. (p.70). The Catholic Church did not merely have a religious presence in Latin America.They controlled it. Chasteen summarizes some of what Las Casas had to say about the control ofCatholicism. The reason for the death and destruction of so many souls at Christian custodywas simple greed (p. 60).To further substantiate the demonstration of evil by the Catholic Church take alook at an excerpt from sketch account of the devastation of the Indies by Las Casas referred toby Chasteen as A brief account of the destruction of the Indies, (p. 61) a translational titlediffe rence of the same cause After the wars and the killings had ended, when usu wholey theresurvived only some boys, some women, and children, these survivors were distributed among theChristians to be slaves. The repartimiento or distribution was made according to the rank andimportance of the Christian to whom the Indians were allocated, oneness of them being given thirty,another forty, still another, one or two hundred, and besides the rank of the Christian there wasalso to be considered in what opt he stood with the tyrant they called Governor.Thepretext was that these allocated Indians were to be instructed in the articles of theChristian Faith. As if those Christians who were as a rule foolish and cruel andgreedy and vicious could be caretakers of souls And the care they took was to send themen to the mines to dig for gold, which is intolerable labor, and to send the women into thefields of the big ranches to hoe and till the land, work suitable for strong men. Nor to either t hemen or the women did they give any food except herbs and legumes, things of little substance.The milk in the breasts of the women with infants dried up and thus in a short date the infantsperished. And since men and women were separated, there could be no marital relations. And themen died in the mines and the women died on the ranches from the same causes, exhaustion andhunger. And thus was depopulated that island which had been densely populated.(http//www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/bdorsey1/41docs/02-las.html).Although these are crying examples of destruction, Chasteen also cites a more insidiousexample the Church exercised, such as hegemony defined as the basic principle of socialcontrol in which a ruling class dominates others ideologically, with a minimum of physical force,by making its dominance seem natural and inevitable. (p. 325). Religion offers one of theclearest examples of cultural hegemony. (p.69). withal more dangerous than outrightexploitation, this creeps into the very fabric of the psyche of a people and carries over throughoutgenerations. As Chasteen points out, When they accept the principle of their owninferioritythey participate in their own subjugation. (p.69). The subjugation continued through history as Caudillos, rich landowners, were thepartys national leaders (p. 124) in post colonial days. In the neo colonial period from 1880-1930, (p. 180), Latin America was still subjugated, but instead by cultures that had broughtProgress from other countries. The late 1800s saw dicatorships or oligartchies. (p.192).During the time of the US overtake of Cuba in the early 1900s we see the incendiary racistattitudes prevail, as Teddy Roosevelt coins the term dago for Latins. (p. 201). Right up untilthe present day it appears that Latins have never risen above the station that was thrust uponthem by the Church from the beginning.The book has opened my eyes to many injustices in Latin American history that I wasunaware existed and has provided foo d for thought as to the reasons Latin Americans seem to bea problematic people. It is indeed, not the injustices in and of themselves, but the so calledChristian perpetrators of such injustices that give the history and the present fate of LatinAmerica such a fatalistic outlook and prognosis.Despite all of this and probably because of thehegemony, it has happened without notice but it is interesting to note that Latin America hasalways been Catholic, but now the majority of the worlds Catholics are Latin American.(p. 320). At the end of the book Chasteen asks what the future will bring. (p.321). He does notprovide an answer but it makes one wonder if the subjugation can ever really end. Like a childabused by a parent over years and years of time, the Church s abuse in the growing andformative years of Latin America have left scars that will last an eternity.ReferencesChasteen, J.C. Born in blood and fire. A concise history of Latin AmericaDe Las Casas, B. Brief account of the devast ation of the Indies. (1542). Retrieved fromhttp//www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/bdorsey1/41docs/02-las.html on November 26, 2006.

Chicken

Although online and offline experiences are quite different In practice, the goal remains the same. The mall purpose of the boutique and the website Is to create a unique and unforgettable experience for the customer. Smart brand marketers are the ones who realism luxury always was and always will be about the relationships. Luxury synergistic helps you advance the integration of traditional and interactive marketing strategies to create exceptional customer experiences, keeping your brand top of mind with your customers. Location Central capital of the United Kingdom Hotel AttendeesLuxury executives in the following areas Sales & Marketing, marketing, commerce, synergetic, Strategic Planning, Branding & Brand Management, PR & Advertising, Business Development, Corporate Communications, Strategic Partnerships, Customer Relationship Management & Loyalty Marketing, Interactive Campaign Management. History of Event Landmark 3/10 3/13 2008 El Meridian Piccadilly 03/16 03/18 2009 Deci sion Date 9/30/09 What to include in Proposal Dates, Meeting Space outline with Room Names, Floor Plans, Menus, Meeting Space Rental, Distance to Metro Date Options 05/11 -05/13 2010Space Needs Days are flexible as long as no meetings are on Friday Monday 2 Offices Setup for Conference necessarily to be 110 Pl in crescent rounds with Stage, Riser and room for podium and panel table. (these people really like to spread out there document and Interact in a table format) Setup to start at pm 24 hour hold Exalt Setup to take erupt for 10 xx booths that need to be next to General Session this would need a setup of pm with 24 hold till equipment failure on Wednesday at pm. Tuesday Conference Starts at am pm needs to be set In crescent rounds for 110 Pl with

Activity Based Learning in Commerce Education Essay

Vocational procreation covers education and acquisition developed at wholly aims from post-primary to tertiary education both(prenominal) through and through formal and non-formal programme. Technical and Vocational Education, defined it as a Comprehensive term embracing those aspects of the educational suffice involving, in addition to general education, the study of technologies and re late(a)d sciences and the acquisition of practical skills, attitudes, understanding and knowledge relating to occupations in the various sectors of economic and social life.The main objectives of the vocational education ar to fulfill the national goals of emergence and the removal of un usagement and poverty, to im exposit education relevant to increased production and productivity, economic victimization and exclusive prosperity, to see to it the need for skilled and middle-level manpower for the growing sectors of economy, both organised and unorganized, to attract sizeable segment of p opulation to varied vocational courses so as to reduce the rush to general education courses of universities and institutions for high go throughing and to prep argon students for self-reliance and gainful self-employment.The primary objective of execution education the preparation of bulk to enter upon a phone line carg mavenr, or having entered upon such a career, to render more efficient improvement therein and to advance from their present levels of employment to higher levels. During the post independence era, profession education has emerged as one of the most potential pursuits in the wake of industrialization.Most of the Education Commissions have held that transaction education is primarily meant for providing the students in-depth knowledge of different functional areas of business so as to prepare people required by the connection for the purposes of trade, commerce and industry. Commercial exertion is present in almost every day-to-day action at law that g et intos drift in our environment. Formal courses at give instructions and colleges are only systematic, scholarly presentations/records of the experience.For informing most(prenominal) subject effectively first of all instructor should be clear ab tabu its general as well as specific objectives of each consequence/concepts because this will only help the teacher in selecting the appropriate approach and manner of teaching according to the content. So for teaching commerce effectively teacher has to be thorough with the objectives of teaching commerce at all levels. duty is a subject which is very close to us, so for effective teaching of commerce it is all about earshot, questioning, being responsive, and remembering that each student and class is different.For this teacher should adopt Socratic instruction approach. Its all about eliciting responses and ontogenesis the oral communication skills of the quiet students. Its all about pushing students to excel, which is basic requirement of commerce teaching. Commerce is a subject where a teacher coffin nail use all the methods effectively such as lecture, discussion, role playing, seminar, supervised as well as independent study, project method, field trip, etc. A major concern however is that teacher should actually use these methods in classroom teaching.Activity method is quite suitable for teaching Commerce as a Vocational Subject. In the wards of Rousseau, Instead of making the child stick to is books keep him busy in prepareshop where his hands will work to the profit of his mind. Thus learning by doing, by activity and experience is the first and the most constitutiond form of learning. One of the arguments against using these methods is that they consume more conviction but if we use different methods according to the needs of the content then it will help in achieving HOTS at the same time they are not at all time consuming.For example if you field trip as a method for teaching banking i t will consume at the most two-three hours to take students to the nearby bank and observe the functions of the employees of the bank and then the teacher can just discuss about the observations of the students in the class room and with this the chapter will be over. This will also help in retention of knowledge for longer period. This is also one of the ways to facilitate learning i. e.relating the curriculum to the students lifestyles. Teaching of commerce can be made more effective by relating the subject/content with the daily life of the students and commerce is such a subject who can be related with the daily life of the students by giving examples, by adopting project base learning method. Right from the beginning we are conjectureing that commerce is a practical subject as well as related to real life, so for teaching it effectively we should encourage students amour.For students participation teacher should provide opportunity to students to ask questions, answer questi ons in a meaningful way, offer challenging and thought provoking ideas, image interactive activities, leaven approval for students ideas, incorporate students ideas into lessons, and ask students whether they have understood the concept ahead proceeding. Keeping in view the importance of activity method for commerce education we present this paper entitled Activity Based teaching in Commerce Education With Special Reference to Vocational Commerce Education.The main objectives of this paper is to Describe the meaning and importance of activity-based education. Apprise the Service Activities in commerce based vocational education. Explain the Internship/On-the Job provision activities in commerce based vocational education. contemplate the School/College based Enterprise Education Production-cum Training activities in commerce based vocational education. image Education and trading Partnership/ contribute Industry Linkages activity in commerce based vocational education. Me aning and Importance of Activity based scholarshipActivity-based instruction involves the activities. This is in opposite of pure lectures. It means hands-on approaches to instruction, using manipulative to engage multiple finds, as opposed to just listening to a lecture. For instance, the teacher used note cards in a lesson to teach wind up subjects and predicates. On the note cards he wrote (from a prompt) complete subjects and complete predicates, separate from each other, and had the students find their match. As opposed to just listen the teacher tells them what the differences are, they see them, evaluate them, and synthesize them.Activity-bases instruction revolves around students learning though hands-on activities. This method can be great, especially for tactile learners. It breaks up the monotony of the basic teacher-led lecture students listen and take notes system. Lets pillowcase it, not all students learn from listening to their teacher drone on for 50-90 minutes a day. Activity-based allows students to demonstrate an understanding of the material and, usually, work with a supply or group, which leads to socialization Activity based learning, on the other hand, helps children connect their learning to real life and encourages them to innovative ideas.In the end, it is only creativity that leads to lead breaking discoveries and inventions in the world. Activity based learning, therefore, holds the recognize to better and more relevant education. What is Hands-On Learning? hands-on learning is learning by doing. Hands-on learning involves understanding things while doing and experiencing them which as we know are the highest form of understanding. This can be done through simple activities and toys based on mere(a) scientific principles which closely simulate real-life scenarios, give enough scope for innovation and challenge and make learning science fun and exciting.Vocational education has forever and a day understood that if you want someone to learn to repair an automobile, you need an automobile to repair. If you want to teach someone to cook, you put him or her in a kitchen. Did eachone get a line of teaching someone to swim in a traditional classroom? Likewise, we do believe we are learning that in order to truly teach science, we must do science. Hands-on learning means mevery different things to different people. It has become a slogan and is often used to describe whatsoever activities in classrooms that use materials.Hands-on learning, however, is not simply manipulating things. It is engaging in in-depth investigations with objects, materials, phenomena, and ideas and drawing meaning and understanding from those experiences. Other terms for this are inquiry learning, hands-on, and minds-on learning. Learning by well-planned activities and experiences in a well-engineered program is a quality instructional approach. It causes students to rely on the evidence instead of upon authority (encyclopedia, mi nister, doctor, text, teacher, set up).Most students live in an authoritarian world with little or no opportunity to practice decision-making because nearly everyone tells students what to do and when to do it. We continually graduate students, who do not all the same have the ability to secure up a simple experiment with controlled variables, collect and interpret evidence, or make correct interpretations based upon that evidence provides students with a similar set of experiences so everyone can participate in discussions on a level playing field regardless of their socio-economic status. In this way, special gathers are not awarded to those who, by virtue of their wealth orbackground, have a greater number of experiences under their belts forces student thinking by requiring interpretation of the ascertained events, rather than memorization of correct responses. Activity based learning method is adopted in vocational commerce education in +2 level Vocational Education Progra mme and developed curricula & instructional material. For development of vocational commerce curricula we invite the experts from professional institutions, university departments, vocational commerce teachers and industrial experts for preparing in activity based.In this curricula we not only provide the syllabus but also provide the activities like course introduction, stage business opportunities, job description, job analysis which includes knowledge, skills & character traits, course objectives, scheme of studies & examination, on the job training site & syllabus, inputs for the course, agencies for procurement of inputs, suggested list of collaborating arrangings, teaching lag and their qualifications, suggested list of reference books, career mobility, and list of experts involve for development of the curriculum.Simultaneously, we also developed activity based instructional material to involving the industrial experts. We also utilize the services of industrial experts f or curricular transactions, skill/practical training, on the job training, apprenticeship training and evaluation of students proceeding and conducting campus interviews for placement of students. For implementing activity based learning in vocational commerce education the next activities are mainly adopted apart from the transaction of theory and practical activities Service Learning ActivitiesService learning activity is a method of teaching whereby students learn and develop through active, unpaid, participation in organized academic and practical activities that are conducted in and designed to meet the needs of their communities. Service learning associate activities to the school/college curriculum and provides students with a real-world context in which to apply their academic skills.Through service learning, students learn vituperative thinking, communication skills, teamwork, civic responsibility, mathematical reasoning, bother solving, semipublic speaking, vocation al skills, computerskills, scientific method, research skills, and analysis. Service learning may take place in the school/college, the union at large, in non-profit community agencies, private businesses, or government agencies.This service is also a vehicle through which schools and colleges can teach the skills of democratic citizenship. By allowing students to venture out of the classroom to examine the world around them, and by providing them with opportunities to address the problems they see, service learning teaches young people that they have the power to change their communities and their world for the better. evenly important in any discussion regarding service learning is the connection of these types of activities to the academic programs experienced by all students. The following elements are essential to any service-learning program Integrated curricula wherein community service activities are a natural adjunct to classroom learning experiences. Preparations whereby students strike and analyze a problem, select and plan a project, and receive training and orientation prior to the service.Action, which is meaningful, appropriate for the ages and abilities of the students primarily, involved, is supervised, and provides for a feeling of ownership by the students during and at the conclusion of the project. Reflection time consisting of merged discussions, readings, working on a project, etc. , all designed with the idea that students should be thinking critically and learning from their experiences as an individual or as a group.Celebration of the achievements and accomplishments of the students to be shared with the students and the recipients of the services as well. Through service learning activities, students come into contact with decision makers in their communities (e. g. , business people, government officials, and other members of the community). Because of projects that address real needs, students must seek the assistance of commun ity members and leaders, and the community is able to see its young people as problem solvers and wide-eyed members of the community.The more students work in the community, and the more victoryes they experience, the more likely they are to continue to be involved after they leave schools and colleges. The following student service learning outcomes Service Outcomes development of strong values and reasonable morals a sense of soulfulnessal worth and competence positive self concoct a willingness to explore new roles and interests a willingness to take risks and an acceptance of fresh challenges acceptance of the consequences of behaviorability to take responsibility for problem solving sense of the obligations of public life in a democratic republic Intellectual outgrowth and Academic Outcomes increased basic academic skills such as reading, writing, calculating, speaking, and listening enhanced ability for problem solving, reviewing choices, analytical criticism learning-fro m-experience-skills, such as observation, questioning, knowledge application, summarizing, testing and assessing results motivation to learn and retain what has been learned.Social Growth and ontogenesis Outcomes concern for the welfare of others social responsibility political strategies civic preparation exploration of service-related career paths sensitivity toward people from a wide range of backgrounds development of character, judgment, insight, and sensitivity to underlying themes Internships/On-the-Job Training Activity Internship means unpaid work-based experiences where a student samples a particular industry or business for a period of time by working on a single project or a number of different projects.It defines Internships as highly unified workplace experiences taking place over a number of weeks during which a student completes a planned series of activities or a project(s) and achieves a set of learning objectives designed to give a broad understanding of a busine ss or occupational area. On the Job Training (OJT) refers to that component of vocational curricula which takes place in a real job situation under the supervision of an expert in plant supervisor or master craftsman, aiming at the development of proficiency and self-confidence.On the Job Training (OJT) is an integral part of the vocational curricula, which enables the students to use theoretical knowledge in the real work situation. This helps the student to observe and understand the practical intricacies and make them well equipped, confident and motivated so that he will be able to take up any task with ease. As an initial step, it is proposed to train the students for 30 days in the concerned industrial firm during end of the academic year, which gives exposure to the latest technology, and equipment, which are not available in the schools and colleges.Thus the scheme will definitely improve the vocational skill, competency of the students and thereby the quality of Vocational Commerce Education. The on-the-job training provides the student a guarded exposure to the real world of work under the supervision of expert worker and teacher guide, before the individual fully/really enters the job on permanent basis as an employable worker. The research studies indicate that the on-the-job work experience makes a person suitable for taking up self-employment since this training develops motivation, self-confidence and proficiency in production.It is the only mode of instruction in vocational courses, which goes beyond the level of skill training and takes the persons into the domain of intricacies of the occupational field. The general impact of on-the-job training is to train the student in the competency of work, to attain self-confidence and work habits and attitudes before these individuals enter the actual occupational field that is to prepare square pegs for the square holes.Internships/on-the-job training help students transcend from school/collegeto the work place by offering hands-on learning in real work settings over a relatively long period of time. The experience is designed to give students a better sense of the jobs within a particular business or industry. Further, the confineship provides students with information about all aspects of the business to aid them in understanding, through experience, how each part of a company aids the other in meeting the goals and objectives of a business or industry.Internships are designed to allow students to accomplish the following Apply basic skills to the workplace by observing the relationship between academic skills and knowledge and a particular job burgeon forth employability and problem-solving skills which can be transferred back to the classroom Increase self-esteem by becoming a valuable and productive worker in an adult environment Focus on a career interest through participating in an in-depth, day-to-day job experience Recognize the connection between school/college and the workplace and how both are related and necessary to achieve personal and professional goals.Internships involve many more partners than just the participating students.At a minimum, the following individuals and organizations should be included in any internship program Students who will be working with a teacher and a business or a community organization as an intern Parents/guardians who will be providing support to the student and/or soliciting cooperation from various businesses and industries in the community.Educators who will be working with the students to define the internship activities provide dogging instruction, advice and supervision help the student integrate their workplace activities with the classroom and, coordinate the logistics of the internship Business and community organizations which will collaborate with the teacher and the student, provide opportunities for the students to complete their intern activities, instruct and evaluate the student and coordin ate internship activities with the schools and colleges Community partners (e. g., chamber of commerce, labor unions, service organizations, etc. ), which can provide internship, experiences for students and help to recruit other community organizations and businesses.As part of the internship/on-the-job experience, students will be expected to Discuss all subsidizations with both the teacher and the workplace supervisor. Review and understand all of the performance criteria established for the internship assignment and understand what constitutes an acceptable level of performance. Know the job site expectations, rules, culture, and the nature of the job to be performed. Accept feedback and constructive criticism from the job supervisor.Develop a regularly scheduled time for meetings with the job supervisor to review past performance and discuss future tasks and expectations. Maintain communications with the teacher assigned to coordinate the internship program regarding both posi tive and negative feelings regarding the assignment. Learn about the overall nature of the business or industry before the internship begins. suit familiar with the specific work being done in the area assigned, the employees with whom you will be working, and the job tasks they perform. Become knowledgeable about your particular assignment and how your tasks will fit into the overall operations of the business.Determine the workplace expectations regarding dress and generally accepted business practices. Know and understand the hours to be worked and the procedures to be followed if late or absent from the job. Become knowledgeable with any machinery and the safety measures to be used when operating the equipment. Learn the tasks to be completed and the person(s) other than the supervisor to whom one can turn to with questions or to help resolve problems. Complete all forms, materials, and evaluation sheets required prior to and during the internship. School/College Based Enterpri se/Production-cum Training Activities miserable business is the lifeblood of our economy.Research, breakthrough thinking, idea generation, processes, and relationships are the elements entrepreneurs bring to the marketplace. Students need to learn and explore the challenges that are inherent in beginning a new business or maintaining an existing business. Entrepreneurs embody the marketing concepts in creating goods, services or ideas for consumers. Entrepreneurship begins with forming the attitudes and unique talents associated with that of a risk-taker.Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial skills, and the economic role of citizens are all part of the study of business, industry, labor, and agricultural organizations and their role in a local, state, national and international economy.General knowledge of business operations and economics is not only critical to a students ability to get a job, it is important to job success and to the vitality of employing businesses. Agencies workin g with small business development say lack of appropriate management and marketing skills are the most common factors in small business failures during the first year of operation. For many entrepreneurs, business success depends on the skills they gain in school/college.Work-based learning and marketing education bring knowledge of business operations and economic systems into the general and the vocational commerce curricula. All students, regardless of future career aspirations, need an understanding of marketing, business, and economics.Students involved in a marketing, school/college-based enterprise activity have the responsibility to stick out a career development plan to achieve personal, educational and career goals. Use a variety of communication technologies to effectively communicate with associates, customers, employers and suppliers. Explain the nature of risk management. Explaining and comparing types of unit inventory control systems. Describe and explain the types of economic systems, factors which affect pricing and determine pricing strategies. Prepare policies and procedures for extending credence and evaluating credit risks. Prepare a cash flow and profit/loss statements. Determine the factors related to lease or purchase of a facility.Develop an organizational plan. spare job descriptions, personnel policies, and establish standards for job performance. Develop a business plan and establish objectives for the business. Describe the factors entering into the selection of a business location. Analyze various types of business ownership. Describe and interpret major guidelines provided by the Occupational Health and Safety Act. Distinguish between business ethics and social responsibility. send a managers role in customer relations. Recognize problems and implement plans of action to bring about change. Explain the relationship between match of control and delegation.Describe the role of management and employees in the achievement of q uality. Describe the customer focus of total quality management. Interpret market research to identify target marketing. Estimate market share for a particular product or service. Choose a marketing plan and project the outcomes of the plan. Develop a promotional plan for a business. Develop a promotional plan and preparing a promotional budget. Develop a sales promotional plan. Explain the key factors in building a clientele and developing effective buyer/seller relationships. Design a sales training program. Establishing Business and Education Partnerships/Institute Industry Linkage Activities.It is well known that schools alone cannot provide students with all of the necessary academic and technical skills necessary for them to be successful. What is needed is the support and cooperation of the community at large and the business and industry sector in particular.Through the formation of business and education partnerships, teachers and employers can create learning opportunities , which will get a line students to the skills, experiences and attitudes necessary in todays work place environments. Not only do these associations provide a real world context where students can apply what they have learned in the classroom but they also provide significant rewards to the employer as well. Features In Developing Linkages Identification of vocational opportunities.Development of curricula and instructional material Utilization of facility/infrastructure in industry for specific skills training, specialized skill training, on-the-job training and apprenticeship training. Utilization of professionals and technicians for curricular transaction and skill training Evaluation of student progress and certification. Placement in Industries and business organizations The following are some of the benefits to the business and industry sector as a result of establishing a partnership with the schools/colleges Developing employee satisfaction from sharing time and talents wi th the students Enhancing the business image in the community.Creating the prospect of identifying and attracting better future employees affectionate publicity for all partners Creating the opportunity to influence the course of education Improving morale of the students, teachers, administrators, and staff Giving students a better understanding of the free enterprise system Communicating the community at large and the business and industry sector in particular the school/college goals and the obstacles faced in meeting those goals. change magnitude school/college pride with placement of students Improving school attendance, punctuality and academic achievement For developing a plan for business/education partnerships, it is necessary to assess the community.In conducting this recruiting research, the following questions should be considered What businesses and industries are located in the district? How large are they? Are the businesses and industries local, statewide, national , or international corporations? Do the organizations have public service programs and/or a public relations staff who would be interested in furthering a business and education partnership? What businesses currently employ parents of students or family members of teachers in the school district? To what extent does the business or industry offer goods and/or services, which would, are of benefit to the students education? Who is the ultimate decision maker in the business or industry being recruited?The Schools/Colleges Role in Establishing Business and Education Partnerships The following are some of the steps a school or college should take when attempting to establish a collaborative relationship with business and industry Create awareness within the school/college community of the concepts and the development of business and education partnerships. Develop a business and education partnership task force to explore various partnership opportunities. Develop a partnership plan th at reflects the needs of the school/college community and the capabilities/offerings of the business/industry sector. Seek a commitment from the school/college board, school/college administration, teaching staff and the senior management staff of the business or industry.Ensure that the goals and objectives of the partnership are clearly understood by all parties involved in the program. control the partnership into the schools/colleges activities to the maximum extent possible. Develop an ongoing support system for the partnership. Ensure that the partnership is curriculum focused. Establish evaluation criteria and a recurring evaluation timetable for the partnership. Publicize partnership activities throughout the community and highlight the positive results achieved through the cooperative arrangements. Create partnerships in critical academic areas where public business and industry interests may not be available.Designate specific program coordinators at both the school/coll ege and the business/industry sites. Provide overall coordination for the maintenance and support of the partnerships. Maintain flexibility regarding the needs of the school/college and the business or industry. Ensure that the relationship between the school/college and the business partners is reciprocal. The Role of Business and Industry in the Partnership As a partner in the education program, the cooperating businesses and industries will have the responsibility to Provide role models and mentors. Exemplify the benefits and advantages of an education. promote a students self image.Encourage regular school/college attendance and punctuality. Share employment readiness information with the student, the coordinating teacher and the parent/guardian. Serve as advisors on partnership task forces and curriculum development committees. Encourage parental involvement in all phases of the business and education experience. father special projects to increase student involvement and exp erience. Serve as resources for teachers regarding current workplace skills business operations technological and operational changes to the business resulting from market place demands and keeping current with the trends in labor market informationBusiness and education partnerships have a positive effect on and increase the potency of school coordinated, student work programs. Moreover, by working together, these collaborations have been shown to be a critical component of any successful program, which has established working alliances between schools/colleges, local businesses and industries, and the community.Through these partnership agreements, each partner can share important information, build a mutual collection of resources, and clearly focus the programs on the students. While the majority of partnerships exist in urban and suburban areas, they are also being successfully implemented in rural communities.They reduce the isolation and expand the resource base of small sc hools by getting businesses more directly involved in the education of youth and the professional development of teachers through the sharing of expertise, resources, and experiences. Be it an urban or rural, the increased communication between business and schools helps students make a smoother transition from the classroom to the workplace.Communities and businesses receive the benefit of better prepared workers, while schools become more efficient at promoting career development and planning, preparing students for further education and citizenship, enhancing student self-esteem, and reducing dropout rates. Conclusions and Suggestions Commerce based vocational education is totally service and practical activity based education.